New Drugs Approval
1) Zeposia (ozanimod) Capsules Company: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Date of Approval: March 25, 2020 Treatment for: Multiple Sclerosis Zeposia (ozanimod) is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator indicated for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). 2) Isturisa (osilodrostat) Tablets Company: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation Date of Approval: March 6, 2020 Treatment for: Cushing's Syndrome Isturisa (osilodrostat) is a cortisol synthesis inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adult patients with Cushing’s disease. 3) Durysta (bimatoprost) Implant ... Read More
There has been a spate of drug related illnesses and deaths reported from Pakistan in the press this year. In November, at least 17 people died in the eastern city of Lahore after drinking toxic cough syrup. Earlier in January, an adulterated heart medicine dispensed by the Punjab Institute of Cardiology claimed lives of at least 69 heart patients. It seems appropriate to put these happenings in some perspective. Cough syrups have been at the center of several cases of mass poisonings around the world in recent years, often involving accidental or intentional use of... 
Overview Infectious diseases are transmitted from person to person by direct or indirect contact. Certain types of viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi can all cause infectious disease. Malaria, measles, and respiratory illnesses are examples of infectious diseases. Simple preventative measures, such as frequent hand washing, can cut down on disease transmission. Direct contact Infectious diseases are often spread through direct contact. Types of direct contact include: 1. Person-to-person contact Infectious diseases are commonly transmitted through direct person-to-person contact. Transmission occurs when an infected person... 
Author Name: Keith Howell Category Name: Medical science Description: 
The problem of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has reached the crisis stage. Coincident with ever-increasing rates of resistance to conventional antibiotics is the slowing in development of novel-acting antibiotics by the pharmaceutical industry. The convergence of these trends has led to the relatively common occurrence of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant bacteria. The World Health Organization recently reported that “a postantibiotic era—in which common infections and minor injuries can kill—far from being an apocalyptic fantasy, is instead a very real possibility for the 21st century”. To fathom such a future, one need only ponder the past. At the beginning... 
Chromatography is the most widely used separation technique in chemical laboratories, where it is used in analysis, isolation and purification, and it is commonly used in the chemical process industry as a component of small and large-scale production. In terms of scale, at one extreme minute quantities of less than a nanogram are separated and identified during analysis, while at the other, hundreds of kilograms of material per hour are processed into refined products. It is the versatility of chromatography in its many variants that is behind its ubiquitous status in separation science, coupled with simplicity of approach and a... 
Absorption is the transfer of the drug into the bloodstream. In IV this process is complete thus the whole dose reaches the systemic circulation. However in other routes of administration the rate and efficiency is dependent on many factors and usually on ly results in partial absorption. Transport in GIT Due to their chemical properties, drugs are absorbed either by passive diffusion or active transport. Passive diffusion: Passive diffusion is facilitated by the concentration gradient accross the membrane. The drug moves from high concentration to low concentration, it does not require an extra carrier or extra energy. Water-soluble agents use... 
The interaction of the gastrointestinal 
The interest of 
What is Drugs Analysis? Within forensic science the role of the drugs section is to prove to a satisfactory level to the court, including the defence, what a substance is and ascertain whether or not it contains any drugs controlled under current legislation. To do this to the level required by the court involves performing a chemical analysis. As well as determining exactly what drug may be in a given substance (qualitative analysis), further chemical analysis can determine the amount of the drug present and thereby provide the purity of the substance (quantitative analysis). How We Analyse Drugs There are... 
Macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate, sulphate and micronutrients such as iron, copper and zinc are essential for various aspects of plant growth and development, but these elements may also be toxic if accumulated in the plant cell in excess. Non-essential elements like cadmium, arsenic, and aluminum are potentially highly toxic; however they are increasingly being emitted into the environment due to anthropogenic activities. Soils often challenge sessile plants with poor availability of essential minerals or elevated concentrations of toxic elements. These challenges are often exacerbated by soil type. For example, NO3− is the main source of inorganic nitrogen for plants... 
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The vast majority of breast cancers arise from epithelial cells, either in the ducts or lobules, as a consequence of genetic and epigenetic alterations, which lead to aberrant growth control and disruption of intracellular signalling at the tissue level. For these reasons, breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with multiple sub-types, with distinct cells of origin and etiology. The increased expression of estrogen receptors (ER), that occurs at the earlier stages of breast tumor development and is common to different... 
An enzymatic biosensor has been developed for detection of hydrogen peroxide with immobilized Horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP was immobilized by using glutaraldehyde (GA) that cross linked with modified polyaniline (PANI) as mediator to improve electron transfer. Modified carbon paste electrodes (MCPE) PANI was more effective during electron transfer compared to carbon paste electrodes (CPE). Cyclic voltammetry method (VC) was used to determine the electrochemical properties of the modified electrode substrate to produce redox reactions. The effect of pH and temperature were analysed by cyclic voltammetry. The optimum performance of HRP/GA/PANI was at pH 7 and 50°C. Kinetics parameters HRP enzyme... 
Manufacturing is the life line and driver of economic development; by producing goods we not only achieve growth but also vastly improve our quality of life. Manufacturing in simple terms means taking certain raw materials and converting them into value added products and invariably nuisance value by-products or creating eco-impact at various levels and with more. In addition, consumption of the key material from the nature depletes the same and without a concerted eco-responsible effort the natural resource is lost for ever. Green Manufacturing Enabling Sustainability A paradigm shift in manufacturing mind-set, defined figuratively as “Green manufacturing” has emerged as... 
Here a kinetic in vitro study of n-acetylcysteine (NAC) on mouse brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was performed, as well, few studies with the aim to improve Ellman’s methodology based on SH contain compounds. The ideal 5,5´-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) concentration was of 0.3 mM and ideal medium pH=7.4. AChE demonstrated linear activity for all acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCh) tested concentrations (0.025-0.450 mM). To avoid any DTNB-NAC interaction interference, 30 sec were applied to the assay method, so-called stabilization time. No differences in Km (mM) for all NAC tested concentrations were observed. At the NAC concentrations started from 75 µM significant differences in... 
There has been great emphasis on the use of biodiesel due to worldwide scarcity of fossil fuels, increasing crude oil prices and environmental concerns to reduce pollution. Production of biodiesel from biologically derived oils involves trans esterification of these triglycerides with short chain alcohols to yield alkyl esters of fatty acids. These can be used in engines which are having compression ignition (diesel) and are termed as “biodiesel”. Trans esterification catalysis reaction can be chemical and enzymatic by nature. The disadvantages of chemical synthesis processes (for instance expenditure of high energy, triglycerides trans esterification with high free fatty acid... 
All multicellular organisms must detect injury to mount adequate responses. Plants respond with induced resistance, animals with local immunity and regeneration, and fungi exhibit wound-induced conidiation. Intact cells perceive damage-associated molecular patters (DAMPs) in the extracellular space as 'danger signals' to recognise damage before infection occurs. Molecules such as extracellular ATP and fragments of the cell wall or the extra- or intracellular matrix function as DAMPs in organisms across different kingdoms. All these DAMPs represent fragments of larger molecules or intracellular molecules. Thus, their occurrence in the extracellular space indicates the presence of damaged cells. This model, originally promoted by... 
The word diuresis is derived from the Greek word ourein which means ‘’to urinate’’. The diuretic agents are not only involved in the excretion of water but also capable to remove or excrete other urinary constituents which may be beneficial in the treatment of different conditions like hypertension, edema. Diuretic agents reduce morbidity and mortality related to stroke and congestive heart failure in hypertensive patients. Hypertension can be defined as sustained increase in systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure greater than 90 mmHg. Generally hypertension is classified into two types, based on the causes i.e., Primary... 
On behalf of our esteemed journal 
In the last ten years, placenta, fetal membranes (i.e. amnion and chorion), and amniotic fluid have been extensively investigated as a potential non-controversial source of stem cells. They are usually discarded after delivery and are accessible during pregnancy through amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. Several populations of cells with multi-lineage differentiation potential and immunemodulatory properties have been isolated from the human placenta and fetal membranes; they have been classified by an international workshop as human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) [human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs) human chorionic mesenchymal stromal cells (hCMSCs) and human chorionic trophoblastic cells (hCTCs). In the amniotic... 
As the need and interest for producing renewable biofuels and biochemical has grown, new avenues to improve product yields and productivity have been explored. Specifically, improving the tolerance of host microbes towards stressors, such as heat shock or the presence of harmful solvents, has been an especially important route to improve industrial-scale chemical production. In this review, we discuss recent advances in microbial engineering for renewable chemical production through the introduction and expression of chaperonins, especially the bacterial GroE complex. The GroE complex provides a closed-off environment and allows vital proteins to enter and engage in post-translational folding or refolding... 
Neutrophil-mediated skin diseases encompass a wide spectrum of diseases characterized by polymorphic cutaneous manifestations. They are histopathologically hallmarked by sterile neutrophilic infiltrates involving the skin and, more rarely, the internal organs. Neutrophil-mediated skin diseases share clinicopathological features with those of autoinflammatory diseases, which present in patients with recurrent episodes of aseptic inflammation in the affected organs in absence of allergy or frank autoimmunity. In classic autoinflammatory diseases, mutations in genes regulating innate immune responses leads to altered activation of the inflammasome. The inflammasome is a molecular platform responsible for triggering autoinflammatory processes via the uncontrolled release of interleukin (IL)-1β, as... 
Cutaneous wounds are a largely unrecognized, spiraling epidemic that affects millions of people worldwide. Healing and regeneration of wounds is a complex process that has at its core a functional inflammatory response that initiates the repair process and fights against infective pathogens. Wound inflammation is a tightly regulated process involving neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, and various leukocytes and tissue restoration mechanisms working in concert to allow healing and tissue restoration following injury. However, in many conditions, dysregulated and/or prolonged inflammation leads to the development of chronic wounds and contributes to excessive scar formation. Over the past few decades, scientific advances... 
The demand for proteins with special purposes increases significantly. These proteins are generally obtained through recombinant proteins; however their purification is costly and not easy. It is necessarily important to develop a method to estimate the chance of purification beforehand in order to have a prospective on proteins in question. Purification of a protein should be related to instinct properties of a protein including its 3D structure, and so far around 540 amino acid properties are found. Thus it is possible to test each amino acid property against the successful rate of protein purification to find out which property is... 
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most widely used yeast in research and industries, however the downstream processes for its protein production are costly. This study attempted to find out a simple way to predict the success rate of protein purification with amino acid features. Logistic regression and neural network model were used to test each of 535 amino acid features one by one against the purification state of 1294 expressed proteins from S. cerevisiae, of which 870 were purified. The results show that the predictive performance of neural network is more powerful than that of logistic regression. Some amino acid features... 
An ultrasound scan finds its applications in medical and research field . The ultrasound technology uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the internal organs of the body. The major benefit of ultrasound is it does not utilize or emit any radiation that causes harm to the human body. Thus it is also suitable for use during pregnancy.An ultrasound is recommended for heart, kidneys, bladder, brain (in infants), eyes, liver, ovaries, pancreas, spleen, thyroid and other body organs. Another important application of ultrasound is found under water where an ultrasonic pulse is generated in a specified direction . This... 
Single-Blind Peer Review Journal devoted to the clinical practice of anaesthesia. Journal of Perioperative Medicine a wide range of articles in the discipline of 
Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease of unclear etiology with the potential affection of major organs. It most commonly affects the lungs, skin, eyes, and lymph nodes. Less frequent, though possibly underestimated, manifestations are rheumatic and renal disease. As a systemic disease, it can present in numerous ways and mimic many other conditions, including infections and cancer. While it has been proposed that an abnormal immunologic response to antigens leads to granulomatous inflammation in genetically predisposed individuals, much has to be learned. Sarcoidosis can present as an acute and self-limiting disease or progress to a chronic and potentially debilitating disorder. The... 
B-cells have multiple pathogenic roles in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs). The two most evaluated strategies for B-cell blockade over the last two decades are B-cell depletion and inhibition of B-cell survival factors (BAFF and/or APRIL). Rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody depletes B-cells by targeting CD20, although the depth, duration of depletion and clinical response may vary between patients. Recent data have supported the efficacy of reduced rituximab dose and the different retreatment strategies in both its licensed indications; rheumatoid arthritis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis/microscopic polyangiitis, although long-term data are still needed to establish the optimal approach. Despite the failure... 
Cephalosporin C demand is increasing worldwide because of its enhanced antibacterial spectrum that it can be used to treat diseases and infections caused by Gram positive/or Gram negative bacterial strains. Cephalosporin C is easily produced from the fungus Acremonium chrysogenum by the process of fermentation in a bioreactor under optimum reaction conditions to obtain maximum yield of the antibiotic. Additional chemical and structural modifications in the existing cephalosporin C could further enhance its antimicrobial spectrum. Acremonium chrysogenum also known as Cephalosporium acremonium is the industrial producer of the antibiotic cephalosporin C, a beta-lactam antibiotic. Today cephalosporin and its derivatives are... 
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are the physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more 
The metabolic enzyme expression remodelling is now widely known as hallmark of cancer, but it is not clear whether individual metabolic strategies are frequently exploited by many tumours. The highest scoring pathway is mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism and protein are markedly elevated in many cancers and correlated with poor survival in breast cancer. In this it shows the importance of mitochondrial compartmentalization of one carbon metabolism in cancer and raises important therapeutic hypotheses. Enzymes are an important staple in the biopharmaceutical, agricultural and chemical fields. However, expression of these workhorse proteins comes with a number of problems as well. Bacterial hosts... 
A bioprocess is a specific process that uses complete living cells or their components (e.g., bacteria, enzymes, chloroplasts) to obtain desired products. Transport of energy and mass is fundamental to many biological and environmental processes. Areas, from food processing (including brewing beer) to thermal design of buildings to biomedical devices to pollution control and global warming, require knowledge of how energy and mass can be transported through materials (momentum, heat transfer, etc.). Cell bioprocessing: Cell therapy bioprocessing is a discipline that bridges the fields of cell therapy and bioprocessing (i.e., biopharmaceutical manufacturing), and is a sub-field of bioprocess engineering.... 
It is often overseen that the skin or integument is the biggest organ of the human body. Moreover, skin importance spans different fields, from esthetics and social interactions to various diseases and their multiple upshots. Notably, skin and internal organs are bidirectionally related: an organ disease can alter skin structure and function, and vice versa. An example of this mutual relationship is acute or chronic urticaria (hives) with or without angioedema, which affects wide skin areas and is caused by immune reactions to foreign antigens, autoimmunity, malignancy, and so on. The reverse example is a deep and extended burn wound... 
Tissues and organs undergo structural and functional declines in the aging process, with a gradual decrease in regenerative ability. The hair follicle is a complex mini-organ that undergoes cyclic self-renewal during postnatal life, as the follicle contains stem cells that can be activated and silenced cyclically. Thus, it serves as an excellent model for studying regeneration. However, follicles gradually lose hairs and stem cells enter quiescence or differentiate into other skin epithelial lineages during aging. This process is largely influenced by intrinsic epigenetic status and extrinsic environmental factors which affect the hair follicle stem cell behavior during hair cycling. In... 
Malassezia yeast existS on all humans and have long been associated with healthy and diseased skin. In this Article Collection of Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology; Fungal Pathogenesis, we will present multiple papers outlining the state of the art in understanding the role Malassezia in skin health and disease. Over the last thirty years, the term “microbiome” has grown exponentially in scientific discourse, generating hundreds of thousands of publications and patents. Although the human-associated microbial community consists of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea, the vast majority of these publications have been limited to gut bacteria. Only in the two... 
Over the past decades, large numbers of genes and genomic regions involved in human complex diseases have been revealed through linkage analysis, candidate gene study, and genome-wide linkage study. These help to determine the position of the genetic marker inherited with a complex disease. Since 2005, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been proved to be the most powerful and efficient study design for identifying genetic variants that are associated with complex diseases. More than twenty kinds of skin diseases and traits have been investigated by this approach including psoriasis, SLE, leprosy, vitiligo, and atopic dermatitis. Recently, Next-Generation DNA Re-Sequencing and... 
Metabolism is chemical reactions occurring in organisms. Without enzymes metabolism wouldn’t be fast enough to support life. Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions occurring in organisms. Chemical composition: Enzymes are made of protein. Protein consists of one or more polypeptide chain. These are made of long chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds. Structure of Enzymes: In enzymes, the polypeptide chain is folded into a 3D shape. A part of the enzyme is called the active site. This attaches to the substrate The substrate is molecules the enzymes act upon. Specific of enzymes: ... 
The original idea of using enzyme as detergents was described in 1913 by Dr Otto Rohm, who patented the use of crude pancreatic extracts in laundry pre-soak compositions to improve the removal of biological stains. In the same year, the first enzymatic detergent named Burnus was launched, but was not popular because of its own limitations. Subsequently, Bio- 40 - a detergent containing a bacterial protease was produced in Switzerland and launched in the market in1959 and it gradually became popular. In the period from 1965 to 1970, use and sale of detergent enzymes grew very fast. In 1970, the... 
The past year has seen a wider application of knowledge originating over the last decade rather than startling new developments. For brevity, only serum enzymes will be considered and the points at which progress is being made are indicated by the sectional headings which follow. ENZYME METHODOLOGY: Considerable change is taking place in established enzyme methods and new forms of methodology are being developed. Colorimetric kinetic assays Together with the familiar ultraviolet (UY) kinetic assays, newer kinetic assays utilising wavelengths in the visible part of the spectrum are proving increasingly popular. They have been rendered possible by the increasing... 
Primary cutaneous lymphomas (PCLs) are non-Hodgkin lymphomas that are present only in the skin at the time of diagnosis, and without evidence of extracutaneous manifestations. Among extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas, PCLs are the second most frequently observed type after gastrointestinal lymphomas. PCLs occur at an incidence of 1 per 100,000 persons annually, and about 25% to 30% of all are Cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (CBCLs). CBCLs can be further classified according to clinical behavior as either aggressive or indolent. Indolent CBCLs include primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma (PCMZL) and primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (PCFCL), whereas the aggressive CBCLs are diffuse large... 
Publishing highly topical clinical research relating to the perioperiative care of surgical patients, 
This Research Topic will be an interdisciplinary collection of papers by philosophers, psychologists and social scientists. The proposed topic is an exploration of the scaffolded or environmentally supported nature of affectivity. Standard approaches in philosophy and psychology characterize affective states (such as specific emotions and moods) as states of a person’s brain and body. This Research Topic will explore the extent to which affective states also importantly depend upon structures and processes in the environment. In particular, it will explore the way in which people actively manipulate their surroundings to create what we can call affective niches: self-styled environments that... 
Here are some examples of enzyme biotechnology you might use every day in your own home. In many cases, the commercial processes first exploited naturally occurring enzymes. However, this does not mean the enzyme(s) being used were as efficient as they could be.With time, research, and improved protein engineering methods, many enzymes have been genetically modified. These modifications allow them to be more effective at the desired temperatures, pH, or other manufacturing conditions typically unsuitable for enzyme activity (e.g. harsh chemicals). They are also more applicable and efficient for industrial or home applications. I. Application in feed The use of... 
"The bandage keeps coming off my arm, but it definitely sticks to my fingertip." Some people might have a similar experience. From this phenomenon, we can bring up several interesting questions. Why does the stickiness vary from location to location on the skin? What information is computed from the sticky surface elements and how? What is the relationship between physical and perceptual stickiness? Unfortunately, at the moment, little information is mounted to answer these questions. Previous studies revealed that the tactile sense of stickiness is aroused when the skin is stretched as people detach their body from an adhesive substance.... 
Understanding the microenvironment within skin cancers is key for the development of new preventative and therapeutic treatment options. Research advances in skin cancers such as melanoma have revolutionized immunotherapeutic treatment options, for example through the provision of checkpoint inhibitor trials that have benefitted not just melanoma patients, but also patients with a wide array of other cancers, including less readily accessible cancer types. However, checkpoint inhibitor success is limited in melanoma and unlikely to become the mainstay of treatment for other skin cancer types like squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, many skin cancer subtypes remain with few treatment options and there... 
The 
For many years melanoma was considered a significant challenge by oncologists. In 2011 the story changed because of the approval of ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody, and vemurafenib, a BRAF inhibitor active on BRAF mutated melanoma. These two revolutionary drugs completely changed the management of metastatic melanoma and, for the first time, became possible to achieve a significative impact on overall survival. To improve the efficacy of ipilimumab and vemurafenib have been designed clinical trials, now ongoing, of combination with other targeted agents (e.g. MEK inhibitors) and immunotherapeutic compounds (e.g. anti-PD-L1). Other possible combinations of these two new drugs can... 
Journal of Developing Drugs is an open access publishing that aims to focus on the Drugs, and also related to Chemistry and Pharmacy. Journal of Developing Drugs deals with chemical compounds found in Drugs that usually has a pharmacological or biological activity for use in pharmaceutical drug discovery and drug design. Articles such as original research papers, review articles, short communications, case reports and commentaries are welcome. Articles related to Drug Metabolism, Drug Designing, Clinical Trails, Drug Discovery, Biopharmceutics, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Drugs. The main aim of the Journal of Developing Drugs and Research is to publish high... 
Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types.Other biocatalysts are catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures. Enzymes are sensitive to external conditions and therefore have unstable characteristics. High temperature, strong acid, alkali and some heavy metal ions will lead enzyme to lose activity and useless. Enzymes are generally difficult to preserve, which brings great difficulties to a wide range of applications. According to the function of the enzyme, enzymes are usually divided into six categories: A. oxidoreductases, including sub-oxidase and dehydrogenase, which are involved in productivity, detoxification and the synthesis... 
Enzyme is a kind of catalytic protein produced in the body, functioning as a catalyst. The catalyst can accelerate the chemical reaction without the change of amount and chemistry after the chemical reaction. All enzymes are macromolecules made up of many amino acids with a molecular weight between 10,000 and 1,000,000. Natural enzyme molecules include simple enzymes and binding enzymes. The former molecular composition contains only protein, the latter contains non-protein components, as well as protein composition. Some also contain metal ions. Non-protein components in enzymes are known as cofactors. The combination of cofactors and enzyme proteins is called holoenzyme.... 
Biomedical Research: Grab and bag huge citations with BMR 
Life expectancy is on the rise worldwide. Within the US alone, it is estimated that 20% of the population will be over the age of 65 years by 2030. Normal aging results in a relentless deterioration of both sleep and wakefulness. This includes sleep fragmentation and the inability to sustain wakefulness during the active phase in humans and rodents. Impairments in both behavioral states become more pronounced in many age-dependent neurodegenerative processes. Impaired wakefulness interferes with cognitive function and quality of life for millions of older Americans. Recent data indicates that sleep disruption and disorders might themselves contribute to the... 
Skin blistering is commonly caused by mechanical, physical or infectious insults. More rarely, mutations of structural components of the skin or autoimmunity directed against those structural components lead to skin blistering. Skin blistering is commonly caused by mechanical, physical or infectious insults. More rarely, mutations of structural components of the skin or autoimmunity directed against those structural components lead to skin blistering. Albeit among the less frequent causes of skin blistering, understanding of the pathomechanisms of hereditary and autoimmune skin blistering has provided detailed insights into cutaneous biology and (auto)immunity. In recent years, genetics, definition of autoantigens, model systems and... 
Protein engineering is a powerful tool in synthetic biology that can create proteins with tremendous potential for therapeutic and industrial use. The field has recently taken giant leaps forward from its origins, and some of its pioneers predict that the next five to ten years hold exponentially more promise. Early protein engineering was what David Baker, Ph.D., director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington, called “Neanderthal protein design.” “You’d look around in nature for something where you could make a couple of amino acid substitutions. It’s like when early humans needed a tool, they’d sharpen... 
Engineered proteins can be used to optimize desired traits in plants; even though recent advances have resulted in new application areas, certain methodological challenges remain. Protein engineering and directed evolution are powerful technologies for probing protein sequence-function relationships. These methods have been used to engineer both plant-derived proteins and exogenous proteins heterologously expressed in plants. In this review, we aim to further increase the interdisciplinary crossover between the disciplines of protein engineering and plant biology by first introducing protein engineering in some detail. This introduction is key to understanding current limitations to protein engineering when applied to plants. Subsequently, we... 
In the current therapy of autoimmune disease, a significant progress has been made in terms of introducing novel, mostly biologic, drugs in place of chemical molecules. These biologic agents enhance or replace conventional immunosuppressive therapies. Their mechanism of action consists in disrupting the inflammatory process. The categories of biologics include inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor, interleukins, T cells, B cells, or JAK. Biologics, or biologic-response modifiers, may be prescribed for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including many types of arthritis (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis), as well as inflammatory bowel diseases or psoriasis. Biologics exert significant clinical... 
Researchers demonstrate that resveratrol, the ingredient which is found in red wine, prevents the growth of breast cancer cells by stopping the growth effects of estrogen. These study results suggest that resveratrol is capable of counteracting the malignant progression as it suppresses the spreading of hormone resistant breast cancer cells. The discovery has significant implications for treating breast cancer in women whose tumors at some point develop a resistance to hormonal therapy. The researchers made use of a number of breast cancer cell lines that express the estrogen receptor in order to evaluate the effects of resveratrol. The different cells... 
According to a study, 2 drugs made use of for treating type 2 diabetes may be associated with a significantly higher risk of the development of pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis, and 1 of the drugs may be associated with an increased thyroid cancer risk. Researchers analyzed the FDA’s database for adverse events reported by individuals making use of the type 2 diabetes drugs exenatide and sitagliptin. A 6 times the increase in the odds ratio for reported pancreatitis cases with these drugs was found, in comparison to 4 other diabetes control therapies. It was also found that individuals using the... 
As the research in the field of Dermatology has been increasing day-by-day, the clinical investigations and trails are also been advanced. Inflammation caused by the hyper-activation of innate immunity due to genetic factors occasionally leads to inflammatory keratinization diseases of the skin. Such inflammatory keratinization diseases with genetic autoinflammatory pathogeneses are called “autoinflammatory keratinization diseases” (AiKD). AiKD also includes diseases with mixed pathological mechanisms of autoinflammation and autoimmunity. AiKD have primary genetic causative factors associated with autoinflammation mainly in the epidermis and the upper dermis. Autoinflammation in the epidermis and the upper dermis leads to hyperkeratosis in the skin, resulting... 
Our Journal 
In the last few decades, autoimmune diseases have become a major clinical burden. The reasons for this are manifold, including (i) increasing incidence; (ii) the lack of therapies that target the underlying cause of the specific disease in question and (iii) the high rate of adverse events due to prolonged, unspecific immunosuppression. The skin is one of the largest organs of the human body and several autoimmune diseases manifest at the skin. These include skin-specific autoimmune diseases and cutaneous manifestations of systemic autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, with the recent success of immune checkpoint therapy in cancer, immune-mediated adverse effects on the... 
If "drugs" have been defined as compounds used in the treatment and prevention of diseases, or are intended to affect a physiological function, "cosmetics" have been labelled as substances that clean or enhance the appearance of the skin without therapeutic benefits. There is also a grey area bordering these two fields, for which the term "cosmeceuticals" has been defined. “Cosmeceuticals” are described as hybrids between drugs and cosmetic products which are able to enhance both health and beauty of the skin by external application. Cosmeceuticals, bridge the gap between pharmaceuticals, skin diseases and cosmetics. ‘Cosmeceuticals’ are topical cosmetic-pharmaceutical hybrids intended... 
Our Journal 
Our Journal 
Antitumor Antibiotics Antitumor antibiotics are chemo treatments made of natural merchandise made by species of the soil plant life actinomycete. These medication act throughout multiple phases of the cell cycle and are thought of cell-cycle specific. There are many forms of growth antibiotics: Anthracyclines: antibiotic, Daunorubicin, Epirubicin, Mitoxantrone, and Idarubicin. Chromomycins: Dactinomycin and Plicamycin. Alkylating Agents Alkylating agents are most active within the resting section of the cell. These forms of medication are cell-cycle non-specific. There are many forms of alkylating agents utilized in therapy treatments: Poison gas derivatives: Mechlorethamine, Cyclophosphamide, alkalating agent, Melphalan, and Ifosfamide. Ethylenimines:... 
[ISSN: 2167-7700 | Index Copernicus Value: 62.73] Greetings from Chemotherapy: Open Access! 
The search for further knowledge on skin functions and mechanisms is at the core of many biomedical and biopharmaceutical research programs today. The extension and complexity of the skin justifies its multiple roles, affecting all physiological processes, far beyond its “barrier” characteristics. More research on skin physiology is needed to better understand various disease mechanisms, and these need not be confined to the skin itself. Skin is also a target for new molecules, supplements, materials and even instruments, with the potential to impact the whole body. Because of its accessibility and relative dimension, it is also a model to study... 
On behalf of the 
Our Journal 
Our Journal 
Inviting you to Join as an Editorial Board: Open Access Journal “Journal of Thyroid Disorders & Therapy” offers the most comprehensive and reliable information pertaining to the latest developments in the field. The Journal also believes in advancing new hypotheses and opinions by means of its high-quality Reviews, Perspectives, and Commentaries. Thus, the content published in the journal is original and comprehensive. Manuscripts are subjected to rigorous peer review, where acclaimed scientists that are part of the editorial board are involved in this process to add value to the research findings. The impartial and transparent review process ensures the... 
Explore the Current trends in the world of Thyroid Cancer Thyroid Cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the thyroid gland. Your thyroid is shaped like a small butterfly, and is usually found inside the lower front of your neck. It’s a gland that controls your metabolism. If it’s caught early, thyroid cancer is one of the most treatable forms of cancer. Types of Thyroid Cancer Researchers have identified four main types: Papillary thyroid cancer. Follicular thyroid cancer Medullary cancer Anaplastic thyroid cancer Thyroid lymphoma. Risk factors Factors that may increase the risk of thyroid... 
A vast body of research, collected over decades, has confirmed that 
Now-a-days, dermatologists and immunologists are striving hard to develop new therapies in the field of skin cancer. In particular, immunological findings have led to the development of highly effective immune-checkpoint inhibitors for cancer. Hence, they are being highlighted and improvised in the field of skin cancer treatment. The purpose of this Research Topic is therefore to provide an up-to-date overview of immune processes and new therapies for melanoma and other skin cancers in order to further stimulate the development of new and even more successful treatments. 
Enzymes are known to catalyse more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Other biocatalysts are catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures. Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the reaction rate by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Our Journal 
Enzymes are both proteins and biological catalysts (biocatalysts). Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyse individual steps. The study of enzymes is called enzymology and a new field of pseudo enzyme analysis has recently grown up, recognising that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudo catalytic' properties. Our Journal 
On behalf of the 
Journal of 
Chemotherapy: Open Access takes privilege to share information with our readers about our 
Allergy and Therapy announces International Collaborations with Research Institutes and Universities. In line with development of friendly international cooperation, 
Know Allergy for No Allergy The 
Our Journal 
On behalf of our esteemed journal 
Dermatology is a discipline of medical science that deals with the dermal, skin diseases and associated treatment regime. Clinical practices in relation to dermatology embrace several sub disciplines including Dermatitis, Cosmetic dermatology, 
